This article explores the modern legal map of the world from a historical perspective, highlighting its significance as a fundamental category in comparative law. Amidst globalization, comparative law has become an increasingly crucial field of study, providing a foundation for understanding the similarities and differences between legal systems, as well as identifying areas of convergence and divergence. The author identifies one of the primary challenges for comparative law in the era of globalization as the growing complexity and diversity of legal systems. The legal map of the world is highly dynamic, reflecting major political and legal changes on the global stage, including the emergence and disappearance of state entities, and the convergence or divergence of legal processes in various territories. The article offers a brief overview of the legal systems across the five geographical continents.

Despite the emergence of research articles in the sphere of regulatory sandboxes, there is no research devoted to the comparison of the national models of regulatory sandboxes, issues of these models, especially in correlation to the implementation of the trustworthy approach. This paper aims to define the anomalies of the national models of the regulatory sandboxes in India and Russia, to determine the issues of these models which could be overcome by proper regulation based on a trustworthy approach. These countries were chosen because of their long-standing partnership in mutual developing economies and ICT, aspiration to develop digital technologies and similar levels of development of the digital economy and legislation on regulatory sandboxes. Comparative legal analysis of the legislation on regulatory sandboxes across the world and literature allowed the combination of general features of the sandboxes and their subsequent application in defining the peculiarities of regulatory sandboxes in India and Russia. Formal legal analysis and modelling method allowed us to form national models of the regulatory sandboxes and make some recommendations to increase societal trust in these efficient tools of smart and agile governance. The features of the general model of the regulatory sandboxes, applied across the world, and the peculiarities of the regulatory sandboxes in Russia and India are defined. The author proves the necessity to upgrade the national legislation on the regulatory sandboxes by setting up transparent eligibility criteria, establishing a flexible testing period and a set of measures for the protection of potential customers and counterparties. Recommendations for the improvement of national models of the regulatory sandboxes given in the article will increase the quality of the regulation and the level of social trust in regulatory sandboxes in Russia and India. The results achieved in this research article could be used in the law-making process in establishing regulatory sandboxes across the world and for further research of this promising mechanism of smart regulation.

Keystroke dynamics is a phenomenon deeply studied in computer science. Its research began in the second half of the 1970s and immediately yielded positive results: keystroke dynamics was found to be unique and relatively stable — ergo, significant for identification. The first studies focused on three features of keystroke dynamics: typing speed, key press time, and the time between two consecutive key presses. Today, research on this topic has not stopped, but, on the contrary, has intensified due to the general increase in interest in biometric characteristics of personality. Scientists identify new features of keyboard handwriting that form the basis of identification: the strength of keystrokes, the use of service keys, the nature of overlapping, the nature and frequency of typing irregularities, arrhythmic input, spatial orientation of keystrokes and others. At the same time, printed texts are rapidly replacing manuscripts every year, which leads to the emergence of a new forensic task: to identify the executor of a printed text with criminal content (extremist material on the Internet; a post in a “death group” on a social network; information on the location of a narcotic substance, etc.). In this case, the legal and forensic study of keystroke dynamics becomes useful, because it is through it that it is possible to establish who exactly typed the text, avoiding the prosecution of an innocent person whose account was used by the attackers. However, for this to be possible, lawyers must adapt the results achieved by colleagues from computer science to the normative procedure of criminal proceedings, which requires, first of all, a comprehensive understanding of the current level of research in this area and the features of keystroke dynamics, which will then form a forensically significant set necessary for accurate identification. Scientists already pay their attention to this phenomenon, but the features they suggest are not exhaustive and even the most widespread, in this regard, there is an obvious need to systematize the available developments and identify those features of keystroke dynamics, which are the highest priority for their use in order to solve and investigate crimes. It is to present this information that the present work has been prepared.

The authors of this article consider subjective civil rights through the prism of elements of the content of civil-law relations. It is pointed out that the right is not intended to be the starting point for granting subjects their civil rights. Such rights, the researchers note, are acquired or established through the performance by the subject or other persons of certain actions. In the context of the study, the functional component of subjective right in relation to objective right is named. The objective right is presented as a vector of models of possible behavior — permissible, while the subjective right directly determines the model of permissible behavior, actually realized within the framework of a particular legal relationship. The study presents the concept of mechanisms and levers for the realization of subjective civil rights. Intermediate conclusions about the legal character and purpose of the subjective civil right as a phenomenon are drawn.

In this article, the author reveals the character and content of the concepts: “electoral law”, “electoral right of citizens”, “objective electoral rights,” and “subjective electoral right”. The electoral law is a branch of law that regulates the rules and procedures of elections in a democratic society. This right guarantees every citizen the opportunity to participate in elections and influence the political life of the country. It determines the rights and duties of voters and candidates, as well as establishes the procedure for conducting elections, the system of electoral bodies, and norms on the inadmissibility of interference in elections. Electoral law also includes norms related to referendums and other forms of expressing the will of the people. It contributes to ensuring political stability, legitimacy of power, and the strengthening of democratic institutions.