The gradual virtualization of society, driven by rapid digitalization, creates the misconception that digital processes reduce environmental pollution. In reality, the environmental impact of developing and deploying digital innovations often exceeds that of traditional industrial production. At the same time, states are increasingly promoting technological innovation through experimental legal regimes, such as regulatory sandboxes. A review of international experiences shows that “green” sandboxes are being established in several jurisdictions; however, little attention has been given to designing environmentally efficient sandbox frameworks. This article introduces the concept of environmental effectiveness in experimental legal regimes for digital innovation. It examines green sandbox initiatives in Austria, Vietnam, the USA, and Canada, and develops criteria for evaluating eco-efficiency in legal experimentation. The research applies case analysis, comparative legal methods, a systemic approach, and legal modeling to design a scalable framework for eco-efficient sandboxes. The proposed model embeds circular economy principles–such as resource efficiency, lifecycle thinking, and sustainability-into regulatory innovation. By integrating environmental and legal performance criteria, this approach offers policymakers and regulators a practical tool for fostering sustainable technological development.

This article is devoted to the sixtieth anniversary of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as the components of the International Bill of Human Rights. The study examines the historical and legal development of the Bill from the human rights provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the adoption of the two Covenants and their Optional Protocols. Particular attention is paid to the institutional consequences of this process, including the establishment and functioning of the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as treaty bodies entrusted with international control over the implementation of the Covenants. The article argues that the special status of the two Covenants requires their preservation as the normative core of the universal human rights system. The author critically assesses contemporary tendencies that may weaken this system, including the redistribution of institutional authority from ECOSOC to other UN human rights mechanisms, the expansion of special procedures, attempts to merge treaty bodies into a single supervisory mechanism, and proposals to include the draft Convention on the Right to Development in the International Bill of Human Rights. The article concludes that the International Bill of Human Rights must be protected from institutional dilution and normative substitution.

This article is the first part of the three articles work that handles business contracts in Russia on a general level. As a business or entrepreneurial contract is regarded in the Russian legal doctrine a contract, in which at least one party is a subject of the enterprise activities and by which the rights and duties connected with the enterprise activities have arisen, changed, or terminated. As being the civil law contract, a business contract is subject to the application of the general rules and principles of the civil law regulation. However, its specific nature must be observed, which is transpired through the Civil Code norms concerning the subjects, objects, contracting procedure and content, as well as liability. The specific nature of an entrepreneurial contract is particularly apparent in accepting a commercial custom as a general legal source applicable to it, as well as in special proceedings for resolving disputes between the parties of entrepreneurial contracts, which are regarded as economic disputes to be handled in the arbitrazh court. Business contract regulation in Russia is characterized by growing significance of the judiciary in it and by enlarged dispositivity of the regulative rules. This article will be continued by the presentations on disturbances related to contracting and their consequences (including invalidity of contract) interpretation and fulfilment of contract as well as change and rescission of contract.

The article examines issues of international legal regulation of parental leaves within the framework of universal (International Labour Organization) and regional (Commonwealth of Independent States, Council of Europe, European Union) international organizations. The purpose of the research is to examine the existing international legal regulation in this sphere and to conduct a comparative legal analysis in the context of international labour standards at the regional level. In preparing this article, the acts of universal and regional international organizations, whose provisions relate to the issue under consideration, were researched. Also, the works of legal scholars on the topic were analyzed. During the writing of this article, general scientific (methods of formal logic) and special legal (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods of scientific knowledge were used. As a result of the conducted research, the international legal regulation of parental leave at the universal and regional levels was characterized and the features of the approaches used to regulate these leaves within the framework of regional international organizations were established. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that all Member-States of the Eurasian Economic Union provide for provisions on the establishment of parental leave in their labour codes.

Contemporary global legal systems are currently trapped in highentropy stagnation, defined herein as the “Flat Circle of Injustice”. This research aims to formulate a universal Law of Coherence — Sapient Sustainable Happiness Justice (S-JHS) — capable of transcending fragmented procedural “patchworks”. Applying  the Quantum-Legal Drafting Matrix (QLDM), the study adopts a multidisciplinary methodology integrating the relational physics of Carlo Rovelli and the consciousness studies of Federico Faggin. We formalize the Hamiltonian of Justice, a mathematical operator that minimizes social friction while maximizing restorative kinetic energy.

The practical significance of this framework is demonstrated through the Kinsa Protocol, an operational algorithm recently validated in the Court of Appeal in Florence. This protocol offers a blueprint for implementing human rights within the EU Pact on Migration and the emerging BRICS legal framework, providing a “non-local” solution to transnational judicial conflict. The results demonstrate that by rotating the judicial axis from a horizontal bureaucratic loop to a vertical Vector of Light, judges become “Architects of Coherence”. The study concludes that legal success is measurable through JastHap Density, where the most aesthetically beautiful and restorative act is mathematically proven to be the most just. This provides a foundational mandate for global judicial evolution toward the Omega Point of Law.

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the European Union’s Common Commercial Policy (CCP) and its broader external economic relations. It examines the evolution of the CCP’s scope, transitioning from a narrow focus on trade in goods to an expansive framework encompassing services, intellectual property, and foreign direct investment under the Lisbon Treaty. The study further investigates the structural components of the EU’s Customs Union, trade protection instruments against dumping and subsidies, and the legal mechanisms governing cooperation with third countries, including development aid, humanitarian assistance, and the European Neighbourhood Policy. By analyzing primary EU treaty provisions and judicial practices, the research elucidates how the Union harmonizes its external trade interests with its principles of foreign action.

Methods. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology based on a systematic review of primary EU legal sources, including the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the Treaty on European Union (TEU), and relevant EU regulations. It integrates case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to interpret the scope of exclusive and shared competences. The study also utilizes institutional communications from the European Commission and official policy documentation to evaluate the practical implementation of customs regimes, trade protection measures, and development cooperation strategies.

Practical significance. The necessity of this research stems from the increasing complexity of international trade law and the evolving nature of the EU’s external relations. Understanding the mechanisms of the CCP is critical for legal professionals, policymakers, and academics navigating the intersection of trade liberalization, regional integration, and the Union’s strategic external objectives. The analysis provides a clear framework for interpreting the balance between supranational competences and Member State sovereignty in diverse spheres such as transport, humanitarian aid, and neighbourhood diplomacy.

Results. The study finds that the Lisbon Treaty significantly consolidated the EU’s power to conduct a unified commercial policy, effectively incorporating modern trade dimensions. It highlights that while the Customs Union and tariff policy remain the bedrock of EU trade, the Union has successfully developed sophisticated autonomous and contractual instruments to protect its market and foster long-term partnerships. The research demonstrates that the EU’s external policy is characterized by a “conditionality” approach, linking economic cooperation and financial aid to political reforms, the rule of law, and democratic development in partner states.

Scientific novelty. The article contributes to legal scholarship by synthesizing the disparate regulatory frameworks governing the EU’s commercial policy, development cooperation, and neighbourhood strategy into an integrated analysis. It provides a nuanced examination of the legal tension between exclusive EU competence in trade and the preservation of Member State competences in sensitive policy areas. Furthermore, it offers a structured overview of the transition from the Cotonou Agreement to modern Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), filling a gap in contemporary legal analysis regarding the practical evolution of EU trade instruments.

This article presents an overview of the 22nd All-Russian Student Moot Court Competition “All-Russian Judicial Debates — 2026”, held at Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University on April 24–25, 2026. It analyzes the scale of the event, the thematic focus of the case studies, the educational program (masterclasses and roundtable discussions), and the outcomes of the debates.